3d microelectrodes  (Microelectrodes Inc)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Real-time spike sorting with 3D neural probe and triangulation localization

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.30.645752

Figure Lengend Snippet: Illustration of exploration volume and significant volume in various 3D electrode arrays. (A) Illustration of the concept of exploration volume and significant volume with a simple cubic electrode array. For better illustration, the electrode array in 3D is projected to 2D. Black dots indicate electrodes, and black squares indicate electrodes, with their sensing radius of signals, i.e. 75 μm, in light blue. Union of light blue area and darker blue is defined as exploration volume. Intersection area with at least from 4 depicted in dark blue, which is defined as significant volume. Exporation volume increases while the electrode pitch increases, i.e. 45 μm to 100 μm. But significant volume decreases while the electrode pitch increases, i.e. 100 μm to 45 μm. (B) 5 types of 3D structures are proposed, i.e. simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), hexagonal, and tetrahedron. (C) Exploration volume increases in all types of 3D electrode arrays. Note that the linear array (Neuropixels-like) reaches peaks with electrode pitch of 100 μm. (D) Significant volume of all 3D electrode arrays dramatically increases and reaches peaks at electrode pitch of 85-100 um but decreases afterwards. Note that the linear array (Neuropixels-like) reaches the peak at electrode pitch of 45 μm.

Article Snippet: Although 3D silicon probes by stacking 2D probes have been developed[ – ] and commercialized (Neuronexus, ATLAS Neuroengineering), they cause severe tissue damage and are difficult to insert into the brain and therefore unfortunately are limited in their usage in larger brain regions.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Real-time spike sorting with 3D neural probe and triangulation localization

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.30.645752

Figure Lengend Snippet: Simulated distribution of 1000 neurons network in a barrel column with 6 layers. (A) and 384-channel 2D linear electrode array (B1) and 384-channel 3D simple cubic electrode arrays (B2). (C) Increase the noise level by injecting white noise. From top to lower, signal-to-noise ratio of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and non-injected raw data.

Article Snippet: Although 3D silicon probes by stacking 2D probes have been developed[ – ] and commercialized (Neuronexus, ATLAS Neuroengineering), they cause severe tissue damage and are difficult to insert into the brain and therefore unfortunately are limited in their usage in larger brain regions.

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Frontier applications of retinal nanomedicine: progress, challenges and perspectives

doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03095-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biomaterial-mediated retinal prostheses for vision restoration. a Scheme of retinal prostheses incorporated with the soft 3D liquid metals (LMs) stimulation electrodes in close proximity to the locally non-uniform retinal surface caused by the degenerated photoreceptors. b Scheme of the device layout. To achieve the stimulation electrodes at room temperature, the micropillar array of 3D eutectic gallium–indium alloy (EGaIn) was directly printed on the drain electrode surfaces of photosensitive transistors. Then, the parylene C layer loaded the pillars’ sidewalls, and the pillars’ tips were opened applying the anisotropic O2 reactive ion etching (RIE) serving as the charge injection sites to the retina prior to the electroplating of platinum (Pt) nanoclusters, i.e., platinum black (PtB). c Photograph of the artificial retina compose of the 3D LM microelectrodes incorporated with a high-resolution phototransistor array. Scale bar, 1 mm. d SEM image of the 3D LM microelectrodes of 20 μm diameter and 60 μm height that were integrated with every drain electrode of this transistor array. Scale bar, 100 μm. e SEM image of the 3D LM microelectrode’s tip locally coated only with PtB. Scale bar, 1 μm. f Photograph of the artificial retina implanted into the live rd1 mouse. The inset shows the fundus photo of the implanted device that was adhered to the retinal surface without bleeding and damage. Scale bar, 1 mm. g Scheme (left) and image of optical coherence tomography (right) of artificial retina implanted-rd1 mouse retina. Scale bars, 100 μm. The mouse retina was conformally surrounded with the 3D LM stimulation electrodes. h Scheme of 470 nm full-field blue-light illumination of artificial retina implanted mouse eyes at the intensity of 1.80 mW cm −2 , and the inset indicated the fundus image. Scale bar, 200 μm. i Potential train and firing rate of the evoked RGC spikes were recorded during the continuous visible blue-light illumination. Scale bars, 200 ms (horizontal); 100 μV (left, vertical); 40 Hz (right, vertical). j Contour plot of firing rates were spatially mapped under illumination. k Scheme of the constant 415 nm wavelength of light-illuminated live rd1 mouse at the intensity of 1.80 mW cm −2 using an ellipsoidal-patterned shadow mask, and the inset indicated the fundus image. Scale bar, 200 μm. l Potential train and firing rate of the evoked RGC spikes were recorded during the light illumination using the shadow mask. Scale bars, 200 ms (horizontal); 100 μV (left, vertical); 40 Hz (right, vertical). m Contour plot of firing rates was spatially mapped under illumination. Reproduced under an open access Creative Common CC BY license . Copyright 2024. The Authors. Published by Nature Publishing Group

Article Snippet: Then, the parylene C layer loaded the pillars’ sidewalls, and the pillars’ tips were opened applying the anisotropic O2 reactive ion etching (RIE) serving as the charge injection sites to the retina prior to the electroplating of platinum (Pt) nanoclusters, i.e., platinum black (PtB). c Photograph of the artificial retina compose of the 3D LM microelectrodes incorporated with a high-resolution phototransistor array.

Techniques: Injection, Tomography